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Tiberius and Caligula.



Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus
TIBERIUS JULIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS

only thing we can say with confidence about Tiberius - is that he was born under an unlucky star. Judge for yourself.

When his mother brought him, a teenager in the house of Augustus, the emperor did not see anyone except his younger brother, Drusus, noisy, nice, strong and impulsive as far as Tiberius was a shy, reserved and sensitive. Tiberius could learn from this - a sense of envy and resentment.
the contrary, love and affection to his friends, risked his life trying to save him when he was wounded in Germany and his death was a tragedy for Tiberius. Accompanied the remains of his brother on horseback, from the Elbe to Rome, and it took him years to recover from this tragedy.



He studied hard and benefit from, barely trusted his army, took him from victory to victory against the enemies of persistent and assertive as the Illyrians and pannontsy, when he gave the province to manage, restore there order of competence and integrity. In twenty years, has called him "old man" for his serznost. Devoted a few free hours that he remained on the work to refresh the Greek, who knew perfectly, and the study of astrology, which earned him a reputation as a "heretic." Not visited are not salons, not a circus. And perhaps the first woman found out was his first zhenv Vipsaniya, daughter of Agrippa, the former mistress of high virtue and domohozyaystvennoy, like himself.

If he could stay with it, maybe his character remains what was in my youth - stoic, serene in its simplicity, generous to his friends, demanding more for themselves than for others. The fact that the soldiers adored him, while in Rome hated him as a model of virtue in a rebuke to everything else, it shows. But in August forced him to divorce, to give him my daughter Julia, the ill-fated Handsome, the least suitable for the company for a man like him. Why Tiberius agree? At stake is the legacy of standing, however. But he never did not want him strongly. Was always diligent assistant of his stepfather, but never Frivolous, preferring to regard yourself more respect than love.
doubt in his acquiescence was a noticeable hand in Libya, an exemplary wife of Augustus, but terrible for the mother of Tiberius, is seeking his fame, even at the expense of happiness.

Tiberius suffered their supuzheskie adversity with great dignity. And true that otkazalsya convince Julia to adultery, for law, which gave him the law, even law imputed to him for duty, not to lose the position of Augustus. It is true that left the circus and puppet Retire Rody to a private citizen, where he lived for probably the quietest period of his life. Subsequently, the Emperor sending Julia, and losing her kids Gaia and Lucius, he was summoned. Tiberius reopened next to his stepfather, who became even more unbearable and melancholic, and he endured his antipathy. He was already fifty-five years, when it came turn inherit August. Did it before the Senate, asking for his release from office and restore the Republic. Senate is considering this request, comedy, which, perhaps she was begging him to stay with hate asking him to allow to give one month of the year his name, as it was in August. "And that will to do, "said Tiberius," "the thirteenth successor to continue?".

with this sarcastic perception of any form of flattery, silent and chaste Tiberius set to control with great foresight and besspristrastiem, leaving at his death the state more flourishing and rich than what is received. But
fell under the blows of Tacitus and Suetonius feathers, two historians of the Republicans, have made him a scapegoat for all the evils of the time.

most serious guilt, which he is reasonable, something that ordered the killing of Germanicus, once adopted him and named his successor. Germanicus Drusus was the son and grandson of Anthony: beautiful intelligent young man, living, brave, a favorite of all of Rome. Tiberius sent him to the governor of the East, in practice, and people were whispering that he sent him out of jealousy. There Germanicus died, and talked about what Python's killed him on the orders of the Emperor. Piso killed himself to avoid the process, and the widow of Germanicus Agrippina, was among the most relentless prosecutors Tiberius, while the mother of Germanicus, Antonia, has remained true to Tiberius.
And we are between the wife and mother, we believe more mother.

Another accusation that he put forward - cruelty to his own mother. Libya, it is true, he was obliged to the throne. But it should be easy to live with her, pretending to sign the imperial decrees, at every step reminiscent of that without it he would have remained a private citizen immigrant by Rodi, and above all, the houses are considered the absolute mistress of herself, refusing to give him the keys when he left. By the end of Tiberius moved to live independently in a modest apartment and melancholy, where no one bothers him. But he had to deal with Agrippina, I believe that is a loan against it: Life Germanicus.

Also, what accounted for his niece became the wife of the son of his brother Drusus, that Agrippina was to his foster daughter received a dowry of Julia from her marriage to Agrippa: A woman plaintively and greedy, with all the vices of his mother, and no single one of its virtues: empathy, humor and generosity. She had a son of Germanicus, of a Nero who, in her opinion, should be appointed heir to his late father. Tiberius hated her assault with a submissive patience. "You feel very disadvantaged by the fact that you are not the Empress?" She said. Unego also had a son, Friends of the virtuous and beloved Vipsanii. But that was no good for nothing, corrupt, full of defects, and Tiberius had rejected it. Sought, in fact, an heir, but Nero, as such, it is not assured.

whole series of conspiracy was organized against Tiberius. Proof procured Seyhan, commander of the praetorian palace. Who knows if it was true. But gradually, Tiberius began to trust only the seed time and allows to increase the number of guards to nine cohorts are not aware of the terrible precedent, that creates. And disposed of Capri.

can not say that there is on the island he prekatil board. But the orders passed by Sejanus, who betrayed them for pleasure, so, soon became a true master of Rome. Seyhan uncovered another plot arranged by the pope Sabina, Agrippina and Nero and got the authorization on of the punishment. The first was umervschlen, the second sent to Pantelleria, a third committed suicide. Drusus was dead, and also in Libya, "Mother Motherland" as they called its a mockery.

Once, sister Antonia, mother of Germanicus and sent him a secret memo, risking their lives, warning that the Seyhan, in turn, organized conspiracy to kill the emperor and be in his place. Tiberius sent a letter with orders to arrest the traitor and send it to the process in the Senate, which many years has been terrorized by this satrap. Not only Seyhan, but all his relatives and friends were killed. The youngest daughter, because the law prohibits the killing of virgins was deflower before the trial. Wife committed suicide, but no sooner than Tiberius sent a letter which announced Leeville, daughter of Antonia's accomplice Sejanus. Tiberius had arrested her. Agrippina also committed suicide.
And Tiberius, deep in this family massacre of blood and betrayal, naturally, was no longer so man, what had once been. Lived for six years and it seems that his mind was damaged. In the 37 th decided to leave Capri, and on the way, in Campania, caught the disease may myocardial-infarction. The courtiers, seeing that he gets well and covered him with a pillow and suffocated.

Tiberius kept the peace, improved administration, enriched Treasury. Empire seemed to be intact, but its capital rotted more and more. To build a dam on the path of decay, would need a firm hand of the great reformer. And maybe, Tiberius believed that he sees this second son of Germanicus and Agrippina, Gaye, whom the soldiers with whom he grew up in Germany, called Caligula, or Sapozhok " on behalf of the military-style shoes that I loved to wear.



And indeed, at first it seemed that the choice is correct. Caligula showed himself generous to the poor, created a the appearance of democracy, returning to the Assembly of its power, was already known as a worthy and conscientious soldier. His sudden and rapid change, inexplicably otherwise, once the hypothesis of the disease attack the brain: a typical case of schizophrenia, or the destruction of personality. Began nightmares and bouts of fear, especially if there was a storm - ran through the palace begging for help. Large and massive, athletic sports, spent hours in front of a mirror making faces that are coming out excellent because of strabismus and a small bald spot in the form of tonsure. One day, fell in love with the Egyptian civilization, and decided to move its customs to Rome. Claimed by Senators, that he kissed the feet to fight in the circus with the gladiators, allowing a regular kill, and to elect a consul of his horse, which ordered to erect a marble box with a trough of ivory. In imitation of Egypt, took himself a mistress of his two sisters. Even one, Drusilla took as his wife, appointing the heir to the throne, then expelling it to grab Orestillu a day when she walked down the aisle with Guy Python. Stopped on the fourth Tsezonii wife, who was pregnant when her acquaintance, and a decent ugly. It is unknown why, remained loyal and attached.

Perhaps Dion Cassius and Suetonius in his hatred of the monarchy, a bit exaggerated, but the crazy Kaligola was real. One morning, woke up with allergy on the bald, bald, and all have given to food animals in the circus. Later, he felt sick from the philosophers, and he was sentenced to death or exile. Saved only by his uncle Claudius because it is considered an idiot, and a young Seneca, to convince everyone that it is very seriously ill. Without knowing more than one chase, forced to commit suicide his grandmother Antonia just because one day, looked at it found that her head was a beautiful but ill sit on the neck. In the end, zaimel even with Jupiter. Said that this bubble inflated, the usurper of the throne the king of the gods, and commanded his head to fight off all of its statues and replacing them on their own.

a pity, because in rare moments of enlightenment was nice, cordial, cheerful, humorous, sarcastic, and his words would not climb. One cobbler nazvavschemu him in the face "clown," replied: "It is true, but think of my subjects are worth more than me?". Indeed, if cost more, one way or another to get rid of him. Instead, applauded and kissed his feet, led by Senators.

required a strong commander of the praetorian Cassius dick to liberate Rome from this unhappiness. Caligula, having fun, appointed as a guard for passwords filthy insults. Cassius was a touchy and one evening in the hallway of the theater stabbed his dagger. The city did not dare believe it. Afraid that this is one of the tricks of Caligula to see who is glad of his death and to punish them afterwards. To show everyone that this is true, Praetorians also killed his wife Tsezoniyu and smashed his head against the wall her daughter.

It was the final in full unison with the characters and grim climate of terror and madness, in which they lived. But Rome has been this: the capital of the Empire, where unbridled satrapizmu had no alternative but to regicide, and regicide required mercenaries. The Romans were unable to kill even more of their tyrants.



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from the book Indra Montanelli "History of Italy" (Indro Montanelli "Storia d'Italia")